Worldwide Retirement & Emigration Destinations

Plenty of high-net-worth Americans think about a move. For those who go for it, the real question is where life will feel best. 

With work no longer the anchor, choices tend to hinge on climate and culture, world-class healthcare, personal security, clean and predictable governance, and how easy everyday life feels – no language hurdles and minimal red tape. 

This report turns those priorities into a simple, side-by-side look at leading destinations.  

We do consider affordability, but the spotlight is on long-term liveability, institutional strength, and practical accessibility for US retirees. 

Policies change and personal needs differ, so treat this as a guide and pair it with professional advice before deciding where to call home. 

For the purposes of this report, we are focussing on executive-level, high-net-worth U.S. retirees. 

These are individuals who held senior leadership roles – such as CEOs, CFOs, or managing partners – and typically have net investable assets exceeding $1 million, excluding their primary property. 

In retirement, they prioritise destinations that match their professional expectations, offering strong infrastructure, personal security, and advantageous financial and legal frameworks. 

We adopt a structured, like-for-like approach to evaluate: 

• Traditional favourites that have historically drawn the largest numbers of British retirees; and 

• Emerging destinations – alternative countries that are increasingly practical for today’s globally minded retiree. 

Each destination is examined against a consistent set of criteria: 

1. Visa access and residency options 

1. Cost of living 

1. Taxation and estate planning 

1. Healthcare quality and access 

1. Economic and political stability 

1. Climate and lifestyle 

1. Safety and crime 

1. Language and integration 

1. Property ownership 

1. Travel connectivity 

We set out to deliver an evidence-led, practical perspective on the global retirement landscape that enables North Americans to make confident, well-reasoned choices about where to live. 

Country	Visa access	Cost of living	Taxation	Health	Economy and politics	Climate and lifestyle	Safety	Language and integration	Property ownership	Travel connectivity	Total
Australia	8	7	7	9	9	9	9	10	8	9	85
Portugal	9	8	9	8	8	9	9	8	8	7	84
New Zealand	7	7	8	9	8	9	9	10	7	6	80
Singapore	6	6	10	9	10	8	10	10	8	8	79
Spain	8	8	7	8	7	9	8	7	8	8	79
Switzerland	7	5	9	10	10	8	10	8	7	4	78
Italy	8	7	8	8	7	10	8	7	8	7	78
UAE (Dubai)	8	6	10	8	9	7	10	9	9	7	77
United Kingdom	6	6	7	9	9	8	9	10	9	8	76
Monaco	7	4	10	9	9	9	10	7	8	2	75

 

1. Australia

Visa Access 

405 Investor Retirement: Closed to new applicants. For existing 55+ self-funded holders only; state sponsorship + designated bond; substantial assets/income. No PR pathway. 

188C Significant Investor → 888: Invest AUD 5m in complying investments; no age cap; can lead to PR (888) and then citizenship. 

Parent visas (143/103): Must meet Balance-of-Family. Contributory (143) = faster but very expensive + Assurance of Support; non-contributory (103) = very long waits. 

Permanent Residency/Citizenship: 405 doesn’t give PR; limited legacy pathway for some 405/410 holders. Citizenship follows PR after meeting residence rules. 

Cost of Living 

General Affordability: Australia is moderately expensive, especially in major cities. Sydney and Melbourne have high housing and service costs, while regional areas offer a more balanced cost structure. 

Housing: Property prices in coastal cities are high, but ownership remains relatively straightforward. Detached homes with land are common in suburbs and regional areas. 

Utilities & Services: Utilities are reliable and generally affordable. Internet speeds and service are good. Domestic help and private services are available but at a premium. 

Inflation Impact: Recent inflationary pressures have modestly increased household expenses, but retirees with USD-based assets may benefit from favourable exchange rates. 

Taxation 

Income Tax: Australian residents are taxed on worldwide income. Progressive rates apply, with a top marginal rate of 45%. However, retirees with only investment income may pay lower effective rates. 

Capital Gains Tax: Applicable on the sale of most assets, including property and shares. Discount of 50% available for assets held longer than 12 months. 

Inheritance & Gift Tax: Australia does not levy inheritance, estate, or gift taxes, which is attractive to wealth planners. 

State Taxes: States charge stamp duty on property transactions and annual land taxes. Rates vary by jurisdiction. 

U.S. Tax Obligations: Australia has a tax treaty with the U.S., helping avoid double taxation. However, U.S. citizens remain liable to IRS reporting, including FATCA and FBAR. 

Healthcare 

Public System (Medicare): Permanent residents can access Medicare, Australia's universal healthcare system, which covers most GP and hospital services. Non-permanent residents (including retirees on Subclass 405) are not eligible. 

Private System: Private health insurance is required for most temporary visa holders. International health insurers or local providers offer comprehensive packages. 

U.S.-Connected Arrangements: Medicare from the U.S. cannot be used in Australia. Retirees must secure Australian or international insurance coverage. 

Economy & Stability 

GDP Growth: Australia’s economy is forecast to grow at ~1.9% in 2025 (OECD), recovering from post-Covid slowdowns. A long track record of economic resilience and AAA credit rating bolster its appeal. 

Politics: Stable parliamentary democracy with low corruption and a strong legal system. Political discourse is moderate and predictable. 

Currency & Financial System: The Australian dollar (AUD) is stable and widely traded. The financial sector is well-regulated, transparent, and robust. 

Climate & Lifestyle 

Climate: Australia offers diverse climates - subtropical in Queensland, temperate in Sydney and Melbourne, Mediterranean in Perth, and alpine regions in the southeast. Winters are mild in most areas. 

Expat Lifestyle: Australia is highly liveable for American retirees, with a relaxed, outdoors-oriented lifestyle. U.S. expats are common, and English is the native language. 

Culture: Australia blends British-influenced institutions with a strong emphasis on multiculturalism. The arts, fine dining, and outdoor recreation are widely accessible. 

Safety 

Crime Rate: Generally low crime rates across the country. Petty crime exists in urban areas but is not common. Violent crime is rare and well policed. 

Violent Crime: Very low. Most areas are safe to walk alone at night. Gun control laws contribute to public safety. 

Language & Integration 

English Use: English is the official language. American retirees experience no language barrier in daily life, legal matters, or healthcare. 

Integration: Integration is relatively seamless. There are no language tests for most visas. Social life is informal and welcoming. 

Bureaucracy: Visa processes can be complex and time-consuming. Professional immigration advice is often recommended. 

Property Ownership 

Foreign Ownership: Non-residents must obtain approval from the Foreign Investment Review Board (FIRB) to purchase property. Rules are more favourable for new builds and off-plan properties than existing homes. 

Buying Process: Involves a lawyer or licensed conveyancer. Transactions are highly regulated and conducted in English. 

Ongoing Costs: Includes annual council rates, utilities, strata (for apartments), and land tax. No wealth tax or inheritance tax. 

Travel Connectivity 

Airports: Major international airports in Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane offer direct flights to Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Dallas. 

Flight Times: Flight times to the U.S. West Coast average 13-15 hours. East Coast flights require connections and are 20+ hours. 

Affordability: Flights are relatively expensive due to distance, but frequent and reliable. Premium cabin options are abundant. 

Plus Points: 

• High quality of life with English-speaking environment 

• Robust healthcare and infrastructure 

• Clear investor and retirement visa pathways 

Blockages: 

• Strict eligibility criteria for retirees 

• No direct path to permanent residency via retirement visa 

• Long travel times from the U.S. 

Factor	Score (out of 10)	Notes
Visa access	8	Reasonably straightforward long-stay and investment visa options, though limited purely retirement visas.
Cost of living	7	Living costs are moderate to high, particularly in major cities such as Sydney and Melbourne.
Taxation	7	Competitive income tax structure but limited specific advantages for retirees.
Health	9	Outstanding healthcare system, both public and private, with high international standards.
Economy and politics	9	Stable, advanced economy with strong institutions and low corruption.
Climate and lifestyle	9	Excellent outdoor culture, beaches, and quality of life attract many retirees.
Safety	9	Very low crime rates and strong social stability.
Language and integration	10	English-speaking environment ensures seamless integration for Americans.
Property ownership	8	High-quality housing market, though foreign ownership rules can add complexity.
Travel connectivity	9	Superb domestic connectivity: long-haul distance from the US slightly offsets global access.
Total	85	A world-class, English-speaking destination offering exceptional quality of life, safety, and healthcare, with some cost and distance trade-offs.

 

Visa Access 

D7 Passive Income Visa: Designed for retirees and financially self-sufficient individuals. Applicants must show proof of stable, recurring income (e.g., pensions, investments, or dividends) exceeding the Portuguese minimum wage, along with a local address and health insurance. The visa leads to renewable residence permits and eventual permanent residency or citizenship after five years. 

Golden Visa (Investment Residency): Available to high-net-worth investors who make qualifying investments in approved funds or other non-real-estate categories (following the 2023 reforms). This visa offers residence rights, Schengen travel freedom, and a pathway to citizenship after five years. 

Family Reunification: Spouses and dependents can join primary visa holders under Portugal’s family reunification provisions. They receive residence rights and access to healthcare and education. 

Permanent Residency and Citizenship: After five years of lawful residence, retirees can apply for permanent residency or citizenship. Dual nationality is allowed, and the process includes basic Portuguese language testing. 

Cost of Living 

General Affordability: Portugal is considered one of Western Europe’s most affordable countries. Even in Lisbon, costs for dining, services, and transportation remain moderate. 

Housing: Property prices have increased, especially in Lisbon, Porto, and the Algarve. Still, prices are significantly lower than in other major EU markets. 

Utilities & Services: Utilities and internet are reliable and reasonably priced. Private services (cleaning, personal care) are widely available and affordable. 

Inflation Impact: Inflation rose in 2022-23 but is now stabilising. Overall cost increases remain manageable for HNW retirees. 

Taxation 

Income Tax: Portugal taxes residents on worldwide income but offers a Non-Habitual Resident (NHR) regime for new residents, which provides favourable rates (10% on pensions; exemption on some foreign income) for 10 years. The programme is being phased out but remains available for certain categories. 

Capital Gains Tax: Applicable on real estate and other asset sales. Some exemptions exist for primary residences or long-term EU residents. 

Inheritance & Gift Tax: No inheritance tax between direct family members. A 10% stamp duty may apply to non-relatives. 

Wealth Tax: No general wealth tax, though there is a small surcharge on high-value real estate. 

U.S. Tax Obligations: A U.S.-Portugal tax treaty mitigates double taxation, but U.S. citizens must still report income to the IRS, including through FATCA/FBAR. 

Healthcare 

Public System (SNS): The national health service (SNS) provides universal, affordable care. Residency grants access, and services are generally high-quality, especially in urban centres. 

Private System: Private hospitals and clinics are popular among expats. Insurance is affordable and widely used to supplement the public system. 

U.S.-Connected Arrangements: Medicare benefits do not transfer. U.S. retirees must purchase local or international coverage. 

Economy & Stability 

GDP Growth: Portugal is forecast to grow by 1.8% in 2025 (OECD), supported by tourism, tech investment, and real estate demand. 

Politics: A stable parliamentary democracy. Occasional political fragmentation, but low corruption and consistent pro-EU stance. 

Currency & Financial System: Eurozone member with a modern, EU-regulated banking system. Credit availability and capital controls are minimal. 

Climate & Lifestyle 

Climate: Mediterranean climate with hot summers and mild winters. The Algarve offers over 300 days of sunshine annually; northern regions are cooler and wetter. 

Expat Lifestyle: Portugal is one of the most popular destinations for U.S. retirees in Europe. High quality of life, walkable cities, and a welcoming attitude toward foreigners. 

Culture: A rich mix of history, cuisine, and music. Portuguese society is laid-back, family-oriented, and values tradition alongside modern comforts. 

Safety 

Crime Rate: Portugal ranks among the safest countries globally. Petty theft can occur in tourist zones, but violent crime is rare. 

Violent Crime: Exceptionally low. Most areas are safe to walk alone at all hours. 

Language & Integration 

English Use: English is widely spoken in Lisbon, Porto, and tourist areas. Outside major cities, Portuguese is needed for daily interactions. 

Integration: Residency and citizenship paths encourage integration. Language learning is expected for citizenship but not mandatory for residency. 

Bureaucracy: Processes can be slow and require local documentation. Legal or relocation assistance is highly recommended. 

Property Ownership 

Foreign Ownership: There are no major restrictions on foreign ownership. The real estate market is transparent and well-regulated. 

Buying Process: Purchases require a fiscal number (NIF) and legal representation. Notary services and due diligence are standard. 

Ongoing Costs: Includes annual property tax (IMI), maintenance, and utilities. No wealth tax except for high-value properties (€600,000+). 

Travel Connectivity 

Airports: Lisbon, Porto, and Faro are the main international hubs with extensive connections to Europe and direct U.S. routes. 

Flight Times: 6-8 hours to East Coast U.S., 11-13 to the West Coast with connections. 

Affordability: Flights are competitively priced, with frequent service via European and North American carriers. 

Plus Points: 

• Attractive tax regime (NHR) and affordable lifestyle 

• Welcoming expat communities 

• Pathway to citizenship with EU benefits 

Blockages: 

• Bureaucracy can be slow and document heavy. 

• Recent reforms to NHR may reduce long-term tax benefits. 

• Portuguese is necessary in smaller towns. 

Factor	Score (out of 10)	Notes
Visa access	9	The Golden Visa and D7 programmes make residency very attainable.
Cost of living	8	Affordable daily expenses and property prices compared with Western Europe.
Taxation	9	The Non-Habitual Resident scheme provides generous tax benefits for expatriates.
Health	8	Strong healthcare system with broad EU access and private options.
Economy and politics	8	Stable economy benefiting from tourism and foreign investment.
Climate and lifestyle	9	Relaxed pace, pleasant climate, and rich culture make it one of Europe’s most liveable countries.
Safety	9	Among the safest nations in Europe with low crime rates.
Language and integration	8	English is widely spoken in urban and tourist areas.
Property ownership	8	Excellent property market value, though bureaucracy can be slow.
Travel connectivity	7	Well connected to the US and Europe, though fewer direct long-haul routes.
Total	84	A highly attractive, affordable EU option combining excellent residency options, lifestyle, and safety.

 

Visa Access 

Temporary Retirement Visitor Visa: Available to individuals aged 66 and over who are self-funded and have no dependent children. Applicants must show NZD 750,000 in investments, NZD 500,000 in maintenance funds, and an annual income of at least NZD 60,000. The visa is valid for up to two years and renewable if criteria are maintained. It does not lead to permanent residency. 

Parent Resident Visa: For retirees with adult children who are New Zealand citizens or residents. Requires financial sponsorship and significant income/assets. Applications are capped annually, and processing times can be long. 

Investor Visa (Category 1 & 2): Wealthy individuals may obtain residency through investment. The Active Investor Plus Visa requires investments starting from NZD 5 million in local businesses. This visa offers a pathway to permanent residency and eventual citizenship. 

Permanent Residency and Citizenship: Only certain investor or family reunification visa holders may transition to permanent residency. Citizenship is available after five years of residency and meeting language and presence requirements. 

Cost of Living 

General Affordability: New Zealand is moderately expensive, particularly in Auckland and Queenstown. Imported goods and domestic air travel can be costly due to geographic isolation. 

Housing: Housing prices are high in desirable areas but cooling slightly post-pandemic. The property market is regulated and transparent. 

Utilities & Services: Utilities are reliable but moderately priced. Internet and mobile coverage are widespread, though rural areas may be slower. 

Inflation Impact: Recent inflationary spikes have increased food, fuel, and housing costs. Retirees with foreign income may be shielded by favourable exchange rates. 

Taxation 

Income Tax: Residents are taxed on worldwide income. Rates are progressive, with a top marginal rate of 39%. There are no tax breaks specifically for retirees. 

Capital Gains Tax: New Zealand does not have a comprehensive capital gains tax, though certain profits (e.g., from real estate speculation) may be taxed under specific rules. 

Inheritance & Gift Tax: There is no inheritance tax or gift duty, making New Zealand attractive for intergenerational wealth planning. 

Wealth Tax: No wealth tax is imposed. 

U.S. Tax Obligations: New Zealand and the U.S. have a tax treaty that reduces the risk of double taxation. U.S. retirees remain subject to FATCA and FBAR requirements. 

Healthcare 

Public System: New Zealand offers subsidized public healthcare to residents and citizens. Temporary retirement visa holders are not eligible but may access emergency care. 

Private System: Private health insurance is recommended for non-residents and those on temporary visas. Plans are affordable and widely accepted at private clinics and hospitals. 

U.S.-Connected Arrangements: U.S. Medicare is not accepted. Retirees must purchase local or international coverage. 

Economy & Stability 

GDP Growth: Forecasts suggest modest growth of 1.6-1.9% in 2025, with economic resilience supported by agriculture, tourism, and tech. 

Politics: Stable parliamentary democracy with low levels of corruption. Strong rule of law and independent judiciary. 

Currency & Financial System: New Zealand dollar (NZD) is free-floating and relatively stable. The banking sector is conservative and well-regulated. 

Climate & Lifestyle 

Climate: Mild, oceanic climate with four seasons. North Island is warmer and wetter; South Island offers snow and mountain climates. 

Expat Lifestyle: New Zealand is known for its natural beauty, relaxed pace of life, and outdoor culture. Expat communities thrive in Auckland, Wellington, and Queenstown. 

Culture: A blend of Western and Indigenous Māori culture. Emphasis on work-life balance, environmental preservation, and social equity. 

Safety 

Crime Rate: Low overall crime rate. Petty theft can occur in cities and tourist areas, but serious crime is rare. 

Violent Crime: Very low. Police presence is visible, and most areas are safe to walk in at night. 

Language & Integration 

English Use: English is the official language, making daily life straightforward for American retirees. 

Integration: Cultural integration is easy due to linguistic and cultural similarities. No language tests are required for most visas. 

Bureaucracy: Processes are digital-friendly and transparent. Immigration pathways can be slow but are well-documented. 

Property Ownership 

Foreign Ownership: Restrictions apply. Most foreign retirees cannot buy existing residential property without special permission. Investment in new builds or development projects is more accessible. 

Buying Process: Strict due diligence and legal representation are required. The market is professionally regulated. 

Ongoing Costs: Property taxes are low, and there is no general capital gains or wealth tax. Owners must budget for maintenance and local rates. 

Travel Connectivity 

Airports: Major hubs include Auckland, Wellington, and Christchurch, offering direct flights to Los Angeles and San Francisco. 

Flight Times: Flights to the U.S. West Coast take 12-14 hours. East Coast requires connections and over 20 hours of travel. 

Affordability: Air travel is less frequent and more expensive than from Asia or Europe due to distance. Premium options are widely available. 

Plus Points: 

• Safe, scenic, and relaxed lifestyle 

• Strong healthcare and social stability 

• English-speaking with cultural familiarity 

Blockages: 

• Retirement visa does not lead to permanent residency. 

• Property ownership restrictions for foreigners 

• Geographic isolation 

Factor	Score (out of 10)	Notes
Visa access	7	Several visa categories exist, though few are retirement specific.
Cost of living	7	Moderate to high costs, particularly for imported goods and housing.
Taxation	8	Fair and transparent tax system, though no retiree exemptions.
Health	9	Modern healthcare services, widely accessible to residents.
Economy and politics	8	Sound economy with strong governance and low corruption.
Climate and lifestyle	9	Stunning natural environment and relaxed social culture.
Safety	9	Consistently ranked among the safest nations globally.
Language and integration	10	English-speaking country ensures complete ease of adaptation.
Property ownership	7	Property ownership rules are restrictive for non-residents.
Travel connectivity	6	Remote geography limits international connectivity and family access.
Total	80	A beautiful, safe, and English-speaking nation offering superb quality of life but distant from major markets.

 

Visa Access 

Long-Term Visit Pass (LTVP): Singapore does not offer a dedicated retirement visa. However, retirees may apply for an LTVP if they have children who are Singapore citizens or permanent residents. Approval is discretionary and typically does not allow employment. 

EntrePass / Global Investor Programme (GIP): High-net-worth individuals can gain residency through the GIP by investing SGD 10 million in a local business or GIP-approved fund. This route offers a path to permanent residency but is designed for active investors rather than retirees. 

Dependent Pass: Available to spouses and dependent family members of work visa holders or permanent residents. It does not provide work rights unless separately applied for. 

Permanent Residency and Citizenship: Permanent residency is available through the GIP or family sponsorship, with citizenship possible after two years of PR and significant local integration. Dual citizenship is not permitted. 

Cost of Living 

General Affordability: Singapore is consistently ranked among the world’s most expensive cities. However, the efficient infrastructure and high standard of living justify the cost for HNW individuals. 

Housing: Private condominiums and landed properties are priced at a premium. Foreigners can buy apartments (condos) but not landed property without special permission. 

Utilities & Services: Utilities and internet are modern, fast, and reliable. Domestic help is widely available. Services, including dining and wellness, are often high-end and costly. 

Inflation Impact: Inflation is modest and well-managed. Prices are stable, though global cost pressures affect imported goods. 

Taxation 

Income Tax: Singapore taxes only income earned within the country. Foreign-source income (e.g., U.S. pensions) is generally not taxed if not remitted. Progressive tax rates apply, capped at 24%. 

Capital Gains Tax: There is no capital gains tax. 

Inheritance & Gift Tax: Singapore abolished estate duty in 2008. There are no inheritance or gift taxes. 

Wealth Tax: No wealth tax is levied on individuals. 

U.S. Tax Obligations: Singapore does not have a tax treaty with the U.S., but foreign income exclusion may apply. U.S. citizens remain fully taxable by the IRS. 

Healthcare 

Public System: Citizens and PRs have access to the subsidized public healthcare system (MediShield Life). Foreigners on LTVPs or GIP must rely on private healthcare. 

Private System: World-class private hospitals and clinics serve most expats. Health insurance is required and widely available. 

U.S.-Connected Arrangements: Medicare is not accepted. International or local private insurance is essential for retirees. 

Economy & Stability 

GDP Growth: Singapore is forecast to grow 2.3% in 2025 (OECD). Its open, service-oriented economy is globally integrated and resilient. 

Politics: Highly stable, technocratic governance with long-term planning. Low corruption and pro-business policies are hallmarks of the state. 

Currency & Financial System: The Singapore dollar (SGD) is strong and well-managed. The financial sector is robust, with world-leading banking and investment services. 

Climate & Lifestyle 

Climate: Tropical and humid year-round with consistent temperatures. There is no seasonal variation, and rainfall is frequent but brief. 

Expat Lifestyle: Singapore has a large expat population and a lifestyle tailored to global citizens. Shopping, fine dining, and cultural events are abundant. 

Culture: A blend of Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Western influences. The city-state offers excellent international schools, museums, and culinary diversity. 

Safety 

Crime Rate: Singapore has one of the lowest crime rates globally. Streets are safe at all hours, and enforcement is strict. 

Violent Crime: Extremely rare. Strict laws and heavy penalties contribute to high public safety. 

Language & Integration 

English Use: English is an official language and the medium of business, education, and government. Daily life is fully accessible to English speakers. 

Integration: Integration is straightforward for Western retirees, though long-term residents are encouraged to respect local customs and norms. 

Bureaucracy: Processes are efficient and digital. Visa applications are streamlined and well-documented. 

Property Ownership 

Foreign Ownership: Foreigners may purchase private condominiums but need government approval to buy landed property. Restrictions aim to preserve housing access for locals. 

Buying Process: Regulated and secure. Transactions involve lawyers and licensed property agents. Taxes and duties apply. 

Ongoing Costs: Includes property taxes, maintenance fees, and insurance. No wealth or capital gains tax. 

Travel Connectivity 

Airports: Changi Airport is a global aviation hub with direct flights to the U.S., Europe, and Asia. 

Flight Times: Approx. 18-20 hours to the U.S. East Coast, 15-17 to the West Coast with one connection. 

Affordability: Premium travel options are plentiful. Singapore Airlines offers direct routes to major U.S. cities. 

Plus Points: 

• No taxation on foreign income 

• World-class infrastructure and healthcare 

• English is widely spoken. 

Blockages: 

• No direct retirement visa or PR path for retirees 

• High housing and general cost of living 

• Limited options for long-term immigration 

Factor	Score (out of 10)	Notes
Visa access	6	Retirement visas are restrictive; long-term stays require investment or family ties.
Cost of living	6	One of Asia’s most expensive cities for housing and services.
Taxation	10	Exceptionally low personal tax rates and no capital gains tax.
Health	9	Among the world’s most efficient and advanced healthcare systems.
Economy and politics	10	Highly developed, globally competitive economy.
Climate and lifestyle	8	Modern, clean, and convenient, though intense urban environment.
Safety	10	Remarkably low crime rates and world-leading safety standards.
Language and integration	10	English is an official language, simplifying relocation.
Property ownership	8	Excellent property market, though ownership regulations apply.
Travel connectivity	8	Premier regional and international air hub.
Total	79	A high-tech, low-tax, and ultra-safe city-state ideal for affluent retirees who value efficiency and stability.

 

Visa Access 

Non-Lucrative Visa (NLV): Designed for financially independent individuals, including retirees, who can demonstrate sufficient passive income (typically €30,000+ annually) and private health insurance. The visa is valid for one year, renewable for two years, and leads to permanent residency after five years. 

Golden Visa (Investor Residency): Offers residency through a qualifying investment (e.g., €500,000 in real estate). It allows for flexible stay requirements and access to Schengen travel. It can lead to permanent residency and citizenship over time, though citizenship requires ten years of legal residence. 

Family Reunification: Available for spouses and dependents of residents or citizens. Provides access to healthcare and education systems. 

Permanent Residency and Citizenship: Permanent residency is available after five years of legal residence. Citizenship requires ten years, with some exceptions for nationals of Latin America or former Spanish colonies. Dual citizenship is restricted. 

Cost of Living 

General Affordability: Spain is considered affordable compared to other Western European countries. Retirees can enjoy a high quality of life at relatively low cost, especially outside major cities. 

Housing: Property is reasonably priced in most regions. Coastal areas like Costa del Sol and Alicante are popular with retirees but still offer good value. 

Utilities & Services: Utilities, internet, and domestic help are accessible and inexpensive. Private services are widely available, especially in urban and resort areas. 

Inflation Impact: Moderate inflation trends. Rising energy costs have slightly increased monthly expenses in recent years. 

Taxation 

Income Tax: Spanish tax residents are taxed on worldwide income. Rates are progressive, with regional variation. The top rate is around 47%, though retirees with foreign passive income may benefit from planning strategies. 

Capital Gains Tax: Applies to real estate, securities, and other asset sales. Rates range from 19% to 28% depending on gains. 

Inheritance & Gift Tax: Levied at both national and regional levels, with significant variation. Some regions offer generous reductions for close relatives. 

Wealth Tax: Applies to individuals with global net assets exceeding €700,000, excluding a primary residence up to €300,000. Rates vary by region (0.2% to 2.5%). 

U.S. Tax Obligations: Spain has a tax treaty with the U.S. to avoid double taxation. U.S. retirees must continue to meet IRS filing and reporting requirements. 

Healthcare 

Public System: Residents are entitled to Spain’s public healthcare system, which is high-quality and nearly free at point of use. Registration with the local municipality is required. 

Private System: Many expats use private insurance to access faster services. Premiums are affordable, and coverage is wide-ranging. 

U.S.-Connected Arrangements: Medicare is not valid. International or Spanish private health coverage is necessary for non-permanent residents. 

Economy & Stability 

GDP Growth: Forecast to grow at 2.0% in 2025 (OECD). Tourism, infrastructure investment, and digital expansion support steady recovery and stability. 

Politics: Democratic parliamentary monarchy. Periodic political fragmentation but stable overall. Strong rule of law and EU membership provide institutional support. 

Currency & Financial System: Spain uses the euro (EUR) and benefits from full integration into the EU financial framework. The banking system is modern and EU-regulated. 

Climate & Lifestyle 

Climate: Spain offers diverse climates: Mediterranean on the coast, continental inland, and oceanic in the north. Retirees often favour coastal regions with mild winters and hot, dry summers. 

Expat Lifestyle: Large expat communities exist in southern coastal areas, Mallorca, and Madrid. The pace of life is relaxed, and amenities are tailored for retirees. 

Culture: Rich in history, art, cuisine, and festivals. Spaniards value social connection, family, and leisure, creating a welcoming environment for newcomers. 

Safety 

Crime Rate: Low to moderate. Petty theft occurs in tourist zones, especially in Barcelona and Madrid. Violent crime is rare. 

Violent Crime: Very low. Most areas are safe to walk alone. Police presence is visible and effective. 

Language & Integration 

English Use: English is spoken in tourist areas and by younger Spaniards, but less so in rural areas. Spanish is helpful for full integration. 

Integration: Retirees are encouraged to integrate via local language and customs. Language classes are widely available. Citizenship applications require basic Spanish proficiency. 

Bureaucracy: Processes are paper-heavy but improving. Local legal or relocation help is recommended for visa applications and property transactions. 

Property Ownership 

Foreign Ownership: Foreigners can freely buy real estate in Spain. There are no major restrictions on residential property. 

Buying Process: Involves a notary, registration with land registry, and payment of taxes and fees (approx. 10-12% of purchase price). Legal counsel is strongly advised. 

Ongoing Costs: Includes property taxes (IBI), community fees, and utilities. Owners of high-value properties may be subject to wealth tax. 

Travel Connectivity 

Airports: Major hubs in Madrid, Barcelona, and Málaga. Excellent intra-Europe connections and direct flights to the U.S. 

Flight Times: 7-9 hours to the U.S. East Coast, 11-13 to the West Coast with connections. 

Affordability: Flights are frequent and affordable. Numerous carriers offer both premium and budget options. 

Plus Points: 

• Excellent climate and lifestyle 

• Good public healthcare and Schengen mobility 

• Accessible non-lucrative and golden visas 

Blockages: 

• Inheritance and wealth taxes in some regions 

• Language barrier outside cities 

• Moderate bureaucratic complexity 

Factor	Score (out of 10)	Notes
Visa access	8	Multiple residency routes, including the Non-Lucrative Visa.
Cost of living	8	Affordable lifestyle, particularly outside Madrid and Barcelona.
Taxation	7	Moderate taxes, though foreign income can be complex to declare.
Health	8	Excellent healthcare with high international standards.
Economy and politics	7	Recovering economy supported by strong tourism.
Climate and lifestyle	9	Superb climate, cuisine, and cultural depth.
Safety	8	Generally safe with well-policed urban centres.
Language and integration	7	English less widespread outside major cities.
Property ownership	8	Diverse property market offering strong value.
Travel connectivity	8	Extensive European and transatlantic connectivity.
Total	79	A balanced, lifestyle-driven destination with great weather, healthcare, and value, offset by moderate taxes.

 

Visa Access 

Switzerland offers several options for retirees seeking long-term residence:  

Non-working Residence Permit (B Permit): For individuals over 55 who are financially self-sufficient and have comprehensive health insurance. Must demonstrate socio-cultural ties to Switzerland. Issued at the discretion of cantonal authorities.  

Lump-Sum Taxation Residency: Available to high-net-worth individuals willing to pay a negotiated tax amount based on annual living expenses instead of worldwide income. Available only in select cantons.  

Family Reunification: Possible if close family members (e.g. spouse or children) are Swiss residents or citizens.  

Permit C (Permanent Residency): Typically, available after 10 years of residency, though U.S. citizens may be eligible in 5 years in some cantons. 

Cost of Living 

General Affordability: Switzerland is among the most expensive countries globally. Goods, services, and dining out all command premium prices. 

Housing: Property prices and rents are high, particularly in cities like Zurich, Geneva, and Zug. Suburban and alpine areas can be marginally more affordable. 

Utilities & Services: Utilities (electricity, water, internet) are efficient but expensive. Domestic help, healthcare premiums, and personal services are also costly. 

Inflation Impact: Inflation is still relatively low but steady. The high baseline cost of living amplifies the impact of minor price increases. 

Taxation 

Retirees in Switzerland should consider the following types of taxation:  

Income Tax: Residents are taxed on worldwide income unless under a lump-sum taxation agreement. Income tax rates vary by canton and commune.  

Wealth Tax: Switzerland imposes a tax on net wealth, levied at the cantonal level. -  

Capital Gains Tax: Generally, private capital gains are tax-exempt unless they are related to professional trading or real estate.  

Inheritance & Gift Tax: Levied at the cantonal level and may vary based on relationship to the deceased/donor.  

Lump-Sum Taxation: Available for non-working foreign nationals who agree to be taxed based on annual living expenses instead of income.  

U.S. Tax Obligations: U.S. retirees are still subject to IRS tax filing and potential liability, including FBAR and FATCA reporting requirements. 

Healthcare 

Public System: Switzerland does not have a traditional public healthcare system. Instead, it mandates private insurance for all residents, ensuring universal access to care. 

Private System: All healthcare is delivered through private providers. Insurers must accept all applicants regardless of age or pre-existing conditions, but premiums can be high. 

U.S.-Connected Arrangements: U.S. retirees cannot transfer Medicare benefits. They must buy local Swiss insurance, although international health plans may offer supplemental coverage. 

Economy & Stability 

GDP Growth: Switzerland is projecting relatively modest growth: about 1.1% in 2025, rising to 1.2% in 2026 (OECD forecast). Historically, the economy grows at around 1.8-1.9% per year. 

Politics: Stable, consensus-based governance with low corruption. A federal, neutral nation with decentralised cantonal autonomy. 

Currency & Financial System: The Swiss franc (CHF) is considered a safe-haven currency. Financial services and banking are globally respected and well regulated. 

Climate & Lifestyle 

Climate: Switzerland experiences four distinct seasons, with snowy winters and warm summers. Alpine areas have a colder climate, while cities like Lugano enjoy a milder, Mediterranean feel. 

Expat Lifestyle: Retirees enjoy a high quality of life, efficient infrastructure, and access to nature. Expat communities are smaller but well-integrated in cities and lake regions. 

Culture: Rich in cultural heritage, with opera houses, world-class museums, gourmet cuisine, and a deep appreciation for privacy, order, and nature. 

Safety 

Crime Rate: Switzerland consistently ranks among the safest countries in the world, with low overall crime levels. Petty crimes such as pickpocketing are rare but can occur in tourist areas. 

Violent Crime: Extremely low incidence. Violent crime is rare and typically limited to isolated incidents. Most residents feel very safe walking alone, even at night. 

Language & Integration 

English Use: English is widely spoken in major cities and international business contexts, but not universally in rural areas. 

Integration: Long-term residents are expected to integrate, especially those applying for Permit C or citizenship. Integration courses and language proficiency are often required. 

Bureaucracy: Official documents and processes are conducted in one of the national languages (German, French, Italian). Professional assistance may be needed for complex applications. 

Property Ownership 

Foreign Ownership: Foreigners can buy property in Switzerland, though restrictions apply, especially for non-EU nationals. Some cantons limit purchases to holiday homes. 

Buying Process: Property purchases are tightly regulated. Buyers must seek approval at the cantonal level and follow a notary-led process. 

Ongoing Costs: Owners pay annual property taxes, utility bills, and often maintenance fees. Wealth tax may also apply based on property value. 

Travel Connectivity 

Airports: Major international hubs in Zurich and Geneva offer frequent long-haul flights. 

Flight Times: Approx. 8-9 hours to New York, 11-12 hours to the U.S. West Coast. 

Affordability: Flights to the U.S. can be costly but are frequent and high-quality. Budget options are more limited than in larger EU countries. 

Plus Points: 

• Highly secure, politically neutral, and efficient 

• Top-tier healthcare and financial systems. 

• Lump-sum tax regime for HNW individuals. 

Blockages: 

• One of the most expensive countries globally 

• Strict and discretionary visa processes 

• Language requirements for long-term integration 

Factor	Score (out of 10)	Notes
Visa access	7	Residency accessible but highly regulated and costly.
Cost of living	5	Among the most expensive countries worldwide.
Taxation	9	Cantonal tax competition offers advantages for high-net-worth individuals.
Health	10	Outstanding healthcare system with world-class facilities.
Economy and politics	10	Strong, stable, and high-performing economy.
Climate and lifestyle	8	Exceptional living standards, though culturally reserved.
Safety	10	Extremely low crime and strong rule of law.
Language and integration	8	Multiple official languages: English widely understood.
Property ownership	7	Restrictions on non-resident property ownership.
Travel connectivity	4	Excellent European rail links but limited long-haul flight options.
Total	78	A premium, ultra-safe European base offering quality and stability, but at a high financial entry point.

 

Visa Access 

Elective Residency Visa (ERV): Designed for financially self-sufficient individuals with a stable, passive income (e.g., pensions, dividends, rental income). Applicants must show a regular income of at least €31,000 per year for individuals, along with suitable accommodation in Italy. Employment is not allowed under this visa. It is valid for one year and renewable, with eligibility for permanent residency after five years. 

Investor Visa: Grants residency to non-EU nationals investing €2 million in Italian government bonds, €500,000 in an Italian company, or €250,000 in an innovative startup. This visa offers a pathway to permanent residency and citizenship. 

Family Reunification: Permits spouses and dependents to join the primary visa holder. They receive residence rights and access to healthcare and education systems. 

Permanent Residency and Citizenship: Permanent residency is available after five years of continuous legal residence. Citizenship may be granted after 10 years and requires language proficiency and civic integration. 

Cost of Living 

General Affordability: Italy offers a wide range of living costs. Northern cities are more expensive, while southern and rural regions are notably affordable, especially in comparison to other EU countries. 

Housing: Property prices vary. Florence, Milan, and Rome are costly, but many attractive towns offer elegant homes at accessible prices. “€1 homes” in some villages have attracted global attention, though they require full renovation. 

Utilities & Services: Utility costs are moderate. Internet and mobile services are widespread and affordable. Domestic help and personal services are accessible and reasonably priced. 

Inflation Impact: Italy has experienced moderate inflation, mostly tied to energy prices. Overall living costs are still stable compared to Western Europe. 

Taxation 

Income Tax: Residents are taxed on worldwide income at progressive rates up to 43%. However, Italy offers special flat-tax regimes for foreign retirees and new residents. 

Flat Tax Regimes for HNWIs: New residents can elect to pay a flat tax of €100,000 annually on all foreign income. Southern regions also offer a 7% flat tax on pensions for foreign retirees settling in qualifying municipalities. 

Capital Gains Tax: Applicable on most asset sales. Exemptions may apply for long-term holdings and primary residences. 

Inheritance & Gift Tax: Levied at low rates (4-8%) depending on the relationship and value. Spouses and children receive significant exemptions. 

Wealth Tax: Applies only to foreign-held real estate and financial assets. Rates are low (0.2-0.76%) and planning opportunities exist. 

U.S. Tax Obligations: A bilateral tax treaty limits double taxation. FATCA and FBAR compliance remain required for U.S. citizens. 

Healthcare 

Public System (SSN): Italy offers a universal public healthcare system (Servizio Sanitario Nazionale). Access is available to legal residents, with minimal co-pays for services and prescriptions. 

Private System: Widely used to supplement public care. Private insurance is affordable and offers faster access to specialists and private hospitals. 

U.S.-Connected Arrangements: Medicare cannot be used in Italy. Retirees must secure private or local insurance coverage for residency applications and long-term access. 

Economy & Stability 

GDP Growth: Forecast to grow around 1.1-1.3% in 2025 (OECD). Structural challenges exist, but tourism, luxury sectors, and northern industry clusters support economic stability. 

Politics: Italy’s political environment is fragmented but functional. As a core EU member, it benefits from institutional safeguards and economic integration. 

Currency & Financial System: Uses the euro (EUR). The financial sector is well regulated, with strong banking and wealth management options in urban centres. 

Climate & Lifestyle 

Climate: Mild Mediterranean climate in the south and coastal areas; colder winters in the north. Italy offers diverse options from sunny Sicily to alpine Trentino. 

Expat Lifestyle: Retirees are drawn to Italy’s beauty, culture, and pace of life. Tuscany, Umbria, Rome, and Lake Como are especially popular among affluent expats. 

Culture: Globally renowned for art, cuisine, fashion, and history. Italian lifestyle emphasizes family, food, and enjoyment of everyday life. 

Safety 

Crime Rate: Generally low, especially in small towns and rural areas. Petty crime, such as pickpocketing, occurs in tourist hotspots. 

Violent Crime: Rare and highly localized. Most areas are safe to walk in during both day and night. 

Language & Integration 

English Use: English is spoken in larger cities and tourist destinations, but less common in rural areas. Learning basic Italian is recommended. 

Integration: Language and integration are important for long-term residency or citizenship. Cultural openness varies by region. 

Bureaucracy: Processes can be slow, and paper based. Legal or relocation support is advisable for navigating immigration, property, and healthcare systems. 

Property Ownership 

Foreign Ownership: Foreigners may buy property without restriction. Italy has no nationality-based limitations on residential real estate. 

Buying Process: Transparent and formalized. Involves a notary, tax registration, and legal representation. Property taxes and registration fees apply. 

Ongoing Costs: Include municipal property tax (IMU), waste collection, utilities, and possible condo fees. Wealth tax may apply to foreign assets. 

Travel Connectivity 

Airports: Major airports in Rome, Milan, Venice, and Naples offer extensive European and transatlantic connections. 

Flight Times: 8-9 hours to the U.S. East Coast; 11-13 to the West Coast. Multiple direct routes to New York, Boston, and Miami. 

Affordability: Flights are competitively priced, with numerous airlines and seasonal fare variation. Premium cabin options are abundant. 

Plus Points: 

• Elective Residency Visa suited to retirees. 

• Cultural richness and beautiful living environments 

• Tax incentives for foreign retirees. 

Blockages: 

• Bureaucratic inefficiencies and slow public systems 

• Integration easier with Italian language skills 

• Regional variation in healthcare and infrastructure 

Factor	Score (out of 10)	Notes
Visa access	8	Straightforward visa pathways under the Elective Residency Visa.
Cost of living	7	Costs vary widely; affordable rural living offsets expensive cities.
Taxation	8	Attractive flat-tax options for foreign residents.
Health	8	Strong healthcare system with excellent private options.
Economy and politics	7	Moderate growth and bureaucracy remain challenges.
Climate and lifestyle	10	World-renowned culture, cuisine, and scenery.
Safety	8	Generally safe with well-established infrastructure.
Language and integration	7	English spoken in major cities, less so in rural areas.
Property ownership	8	Broad property opportunities and low rural prices.
Travel connectivity	7	Excellent European connectivity.
Total	78	A romantic, culturally rich choice offering great lifestyle appeal and favourable residency options.

 

Visa Access 

Retirement Visa (Renewable): Dubai offers a 5-year retirement visa for individuals aged 55+ who meet one of the following criteria: (1) AED 20,000 monthly income; (2) AED 1 million in savings; or (3) AED 2 million property ownership in Dubai. The visa is renewable and provides legal residency but not a path to citizenship. 

Golden Visa (Investor Residency): Available to investors, entrepreneurs, and professionals, the Golden Visa grants 10-year residency with renewal. Investment thresholds vary (e.g., AED 2 million in property or funds). Holders benefit from broader rights, including sponsoring family members and business setup. 

Family Reunification: Spouses and dependents can be sponsored under both visa programs. Education and healthcare access is allowed under family sponsorship. 

Permanent Residency and Citizenship: The UAE does not offer permanent residency or birthright citizenship. Citizenship is highly restricted and granted only by presidential decree under exceptional circumstances. Dual citizenship is not formally recognized. 

Cost of Living 

General Affordability: Dubai offers a luxury-centric lifestyle with significant cost variability. While premium living is expensive, high-net-worth individuals find the quality of services well-matched to expenditure. 

Housing: Foreigners can buy property in designated freehold zones. Real estate ranges from luxury villas and beachfront apartments to more modest expat-oriented housing. Prices have been relatively stable. 

Utilities & Services: Utilities are reliable but high, especially in summer months. Domestic staff and private services are readily available and affordable by Western standards. 

Inflation Impact: Inflation is moderate but tied to global energy and housing markets. Recent years have seen steady, manageable increases. 

Taxation 

Income Tax: The UAE levies no personal income tax, making it one of the most tax-efficient jurisdictions globally for retirees. 

Capital Gains Tax: There is no capital gains tax on personal asset disposals, including property and investments. 

Inheritance & Gift Tax: There is no inheritance or gift tax, though Sharia-based inheritance principles may apply unless a registered will is in place. 

Wealth Tax: There is no wealth tax or net worth-based levies. 

U.S. Tax Obligations: The UAE has no tax treaty with the U.S., but U.S. retirees are still subject to IRS taxation and reporting (FATCA/FBAR). Foreign income exclusion may apply. 

Healthcare 

Public System: UAE citizens receive care through the public system, but expatriates must use private healthcare. Public hospitals do not offer access to non-citizens. 

Private System: Dubai has an extensive network of top-tier private hospitals and clinics. Internationally accredited care is widely available. Health insurance is mandatory for all residents. 

U.S.-Connected Arrangements: Medicare does not apply. High-end international insurance plans are widely accepted, including those tailored for U.S. citizens living abroad. 

Economy & Stability 

GDP Growth: Forecast at 3.5-4.0% in 2025, supported by diversified investment in logistics, technology, tourism, and real estate. 

Politics: A highly stable federation led by hereditary rulers. Dubai is the most liberal and open emirate, with consistent policies favourable to investors and expats. 

Currency & Financial System: The dirham (AED) is pegged to the U.S. dollar. Dubai has a robust financial sector, including free zones and international banks. 

Climate & Lifestyle 

Climate: Subtropical desert climate with extreme heat from May to September. Winters are mild and pleasant. Most high-end residences and venues are fully climate controlled. 

Expat Lifestyle: Dubai is built for expats, with luxury malls, restaurants, golf courses, and beach clubs. A large American and European expat presence fosters familiarity and comfort. 

Culture: Though rooted in Islamic traditions, Dubai is culturally tolerant and cosmopolitan. Alcohol is available with permits, and dress codes are relaxed in most settings. 

Safety 

Crime Rate: Dubai is one of the safest major cities in the world. Strict law enforcement and surveillance contribute to low crime levels. 

Violent Crime: Extremely rare. Most residents always feel secure, including at night in public areas. 

Language & Integration 

English Use: English is widely spoken in all commercial, medical, and government settings. Signage, contracts, and services are available in English. 

Integration: Cultural integration is informal. Social life is largely expat oriented. Arabic is not required for legal residency or services. 

Bureaucracy: Government processes are streamlined and digital. Visa renewals, property registration, and licensing are efficient. 

Property Ownership 

Foreign Ownership: Foreigners may buy freehold property in designated areas. Ownership rights are secure, and resale markets are active. 

Buying Process: Fast and regulated. Involves registration with the Dubai Land Department, typically with developer or broker assistance. 

Ongoing Costs: Includes service charges, utilities, and maintenance. No property tax, but a 4% registration fee applies at purchase. 

Travel Connectivity 

Airports: Dubai International Airport (DXB) is a major global hub, offering direct flights to most major U.S. and European cities. 

Flight Times: 12-14 hours to the U.S. East Coast; 15-17 hours to the West Coast. Emirates Airlines offers non-stop premium service. 

Affordability: Flight options are abundant. Premium travel experiences are a cornerstone of Dubai’s aviation sector. 

Plus Points: 

• No income, wealth, or inheritance tax 

• Modern luxury lifestyle and strong expat services 

• Clear retirement and investment visa options 

Blockages: 

• Extreme summer heat 

• No path to citizenship or permanent residency 

• Cultural and legal norms differ from Western expectations. 

Factor	Score (out of 10)	Notes
Visa access	8	Long-term residency and retiree visas are accessible with investment.
Cost of living	6	High cost of living, particularly in housing and education.
Taxation	10	No income tax and highly favourable business environment.
Health	8	Excellent healthcare infrastructure catering to expatriates.
Economy and politics	9	Dynamic, diversified economy with robust growth.
Climate and lifestyle	7	Luxury lifestyle with abundant amenities but limited cultural depth.
Safety	10	Extremely safe with strong law enforcement.
Language and integration	9	English widely used across business and daily life.
Property ownership	9	Broad property investment options for foreigners.
Travel connectivity	7	Major international hub with extensive global connections.
Total	77	A safe, tax-free, and cosmopolitan base appealing to affluent retirees seeking modern luxury and convenience.

Visa Access 

Standard Visitor Visa: The UK does not offer a dedicated retirement visa. U.S. retirees may enter for up to six months on a Standard Visitor Visa, but this does not allow residency, work, or access to public services. It is not suitable for long-term retirement. 

Investor Visa (Tier 1 - Discontinued): Previously allowed residency via a £2 million investment, but this programme was closed in 2022. No replacement has been announced. 

Innovator Founder Visa (Alternative): Geared toward entrepreneurs and business founders rather than retirees. Requires endorsement and an innovative business plan. Not relevant for most retirees. 

Ancestry Visa: Available to U.S. citizens with a UK-born grandparent. Permits work and residency for five years, with a path to indefinite leave to remain (ILR) and citizenship. No age limit. 

Family Reunification & Spouse Visa: Available to those with a British spouse or child. Spouse visa requires income threshold and leads to ILR after five years. 

Permanent Residency and Citizenship: Indefinite Leave to Remain (ILR) is possible after five years of legal residence. British citizenship can follow one year later. Dual citizenship is allowed. 

Cost of Living 

General Affordability: The high cost of living, particularly in London and the Southeast. However, regional areas, especially in the North, Wales, and Scotland, are more affordable. 

Housing: Real estate in London is expensive, but there are many attractive rural and seaside towns with better value. Foreigners can buy property without restriction. 

Utilities & Services: Utilities are reliable, but recent energy cost increases have made bills less predictable. Private services are generally high-quality and widely available. 

Inflation Impact: Inflation has been high in recent years, particularly for energy and food, though is expected to ease into 2025. 

Taxation 

Income Tax: UK residents are taxed on worldwide income. Rates range from 20% to 45%. The UK has a special “non-domiciled” tax regime for wealthy foreign residents who may avoid UK tax on foreign income not remitted. 

Capital Gains Tax: Applies to asset sales, including real estate. Rates are 10-20% depending on income level and asset type. 

Inheritance Tax: A 40% inheritance tax applies to estates over £325,000, but many exemptions and reliefs exist. UK domicile rules determine exposure. 

Wealth Tax: The UK does not currently impose a wealth tax, though political debate continues around its introduction. 

U.S. Tax Obligations: A strong U.S.-UK tax treaty limits double taxation. U.S. citizens must still meet IRS filing, FATCA, and FBAR requirements. 

Healthcare 

Public System (NHS): The National Health Service provides universal, largely free care to UK residents. Visitors must pay unless covered by private insurance. 

Private System: Private care is widely used for faster access and elective procedures. Insurance is optional but common among affluent residents. 

U.S.-Connected Arrangements: Medicare is not valid. U.S. retirees will need private or local insurance unless they obtain full UK residency. 

Economy & Stability 

GDP Growth: Modest growth forecast (~1.2% in 2025). The UK economy is still resilient, though Brexit continues to affect trade and regulatory frameworks. 

Politics: Stable constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy. Political shifts are common, but legal and financial systems are strong. 

Currency & Financial System: Uses the British pound (GBP), a strong and independent currency. London is still a global financial centre with excellent banking infrastructure. 

Climate & Lifestyle 

Climate: Temperate climate with mild summers and cool, wet winters. Regional variation exists, with southern England being drier and warmer. 

Expat Lifestyle: The UK offers cultural familiarity for U.S. retirees, especially in southern England, Bath, Oxfordshire, and the Cotswolds. Access to global culture, the arts, and countryside leisure is strong. 

Culture: Rich literary, historical, and artistic traditions. Social norms are formal but friendly, and shared language eases transition. 

Safety 

Crime Rate: Moderate. Petty crime exists in urban areas, but violent crime is low. Police services are well-developed and responsive. 

Violent Crime: Generally rare. Most areas are safe, with higher crime concentrated in specific urban districts. 

Language & Integration 

English Use: English is the native language, making integration seamless for U.S. retirees. 

Integration: Cultural assimilation is natural for Americans. No language tests needed for most visa categories. Citizenship applications require a "Life in the UK" test. 

Bureaucracy: UK immigration processes are rule-based but increasingly digital and centralized. Legal advice is often helpful for visa navigation. 

Property Ownership 

Foreign Ownership: Foreigners can freely buy real estate. Ownership rights are secure, and the legal system supports straightforward transactions. 

Buying Process: Involves solicitors, land registry, and stamp duty (up to 15%). Process is regulated and transparent. 

Ongoing Costs: Includes council tax, utilities, insurance, and optional property management. No wealth or annual property tax. 

Travel Connectivity 

Airports: London Heathrow and Gatwick are major global hubs with numerous U.S. routes. Regional airports serve European destinations. 

Flight Times: 6-8 hours to the U.S. East Coast, 10-11 hours to the West Coast. Multiple daily direct flights to major American cities. 

Affordability: Flights are frequent and competitively priced. Business and first-class options are widely available. 

Plus Points: 

• Familiar legal, cultural, and language environment 

• High-quality healthcare and public infrastructure 

• Stable property rights and robust institutions 

Blockages: 

• No specific retirement visa 

• High cost of living in London and the Southeast 

• Post-Brexit restrictions increase immigration complexity. 

Factor	Score (out of 10)	Notes
Visa access	6	Limited retirement visa options for non-citizens.
Cost of living	6	High housing and living expenses, particularly in the Southeast.
Taxation	7	Transparent but relatively high tax regime.
Health	9	Comprehensive public healthcare via the NHS.
Economy and politics	9	Diverse, globally integrated economy.
Climate and lifestyle	8	Strong cultural offerings and liveability, especially outside London.
Safety	9	Good personal security and policing standards.
Language and integration	10	Shared language provides effortless integration.
Property ownership	9	Secure property rights and stable investment environment.
Travel connectivity	8	Excellent international and domestic transport networks.
Total	76	Culturally familiar and well-connected, though cost and visa barriers limit its appeal for most American retirees.

 

Visa Access 

Long-Term Residency (Carte de Séjour): Monaco does not offer a retirement-specific visa, but retirees may apply for long-term residency by showing (1) proof of accommodation, (2) sufficient financial means, and (3) clean criminal record. Applicants must deposit substantial funds into a Monaco bank account (typically €500,000+) and show the ability to support themselves without employment. 

Investor Residence: While not formalized as a distinct visa programme, wealthy individuals often secure residency through substantial investments in Monaco property, businesses, or by maintaining significant funds with a local financial institution. 

Family Reunification: Spouses and dependent children may be granted residence permits under the primary resident’s application. 

Permanent Residency and Citizenship: Permanent residency (Carte de Résident Ordinaire) is available after 10 years of continuous residence. Citizenship is rarely granted and only by sovereign discretion. Dual citizenship is not recognized under Monegasque law. 

Cost of Living 

General Affordability: Monaco is one of the most expensive places in the world to live. Prices for real estate, services, and everyday goods reflect its status as an ultra-luxury jurisdiction. 

Housing: Property prices are among the highest globally. Rental and purchase prices exceed those of London, New York, or Hong Kong. Most housing is high-rise, luxury apartment-style. 

Utilities & Services: Utilities are modern and efficient. Premium personal services (chauffeurs, private chefs, security) are readily available but come at significant cost. 

Inflation Impact: Minimal impact due to high-income resident base and strong euro stability. Pricing is relatively static at the premium end of the market. 

Taxation 

Income Tax: Monaco imposes no personal income tax on residents, making it a prime destination for wealth preservation. French nationals are excluded from this benefit due to bilateral tax agreements. 

Capital Gains Tax: There is no capital gains tax for individuals. Business-related gains may be taxed depending on corporate structure. 

Inheritance & Gift Tax: Levied only between distant relatives or unrelated individuals, at rates up to 16%. Transfers between direct family members (e.g., parent-child, spouses) are tax-free. 

Wealth Tax: There is no wealth tax in Monaco. 

U.S. Tax Obligations: There is no tax treaty between Monaco, and the U.S. U.S. retirees are still subject to IRS tax rules and reporting obligations, including FATCA and FBAR. 

Healthcare 

Public System: Monaco offers a public-private healthcare system through Caisses Sociales de Monaco. Residents may enrol and contribute if not already covered elsewhere. 

Private System: Private healthcare facilities are world-class, with service typically delivered in French and English. Many residents choose to use private international health insurance. 

U.S.-Connected Arrangements: Medicare is not accepted. Private international insurance is essential for U.S. retirees and widely accepted. 

Economy & Stability 

GDP Growth: Stable, service-based economy centred on finance, real estate, and tourism. Annual GDP growth is modest but steady, with strong per capita income. 

Politics: A sovereign constitutional monarchy led by Prince Albert II. Monaco is politically stable and internationally neutral. 

Currency & Financial System: Uses the euro (EUR) via agreement with France. Monaco has a well-regulated, discreet financial system tailored to HNWIs, though transparency measures have increased. 

Climate & Lifestyle 

Climate: Mediterranean climate with warm, dry summers and mild winters. Ideal for year-round outdoor living. 

Expat Lifestyle: One of the world’s premier luxury destinations. Offers high-end dining, yachting, Formula 1, private clubs, and exclusive shopping. Most residents are ultra-HNW individuals. 

Culture: French-influenced lifestyle with an emphasis on discretion, refinement, and privacy. Opera, ballet, and international galas are part of the cultural calendar. 

Safety 

Crime Rate: Extremely low. Monaco has one of the highest police-to-civilian ratios in the world and an extensive security camera network. 

Violent Crime: Virtually non-existent. The Principality is considered one of the safest places to live globally. 

Language & Integration 

English Use: French is the official language, but English is widely spoken in business, healthcare, and high-end services. 

Integration: Formal integration expectations are low. Monaco caters to an international elite. Language learning is encouraged but not required for residency. 

Bureaucracy: Residency applications are highly individualized and processed through the Monaco police and government. Legal and relocation advisors are essential. 

Property Ownership 

Foreign Ownership: Foreigners may freely buy property in Monaco. No restrictions based on nationality or residence status. 

Buying Process: Real estate transactions are notarial and highly regulated. Property scarcity drives prices and competition. 

Ongoing Costs: Property tax is minimal. Maintenance fees, service charges, and insurance are significant due to luxury standards. 

Travel Connectivity 

Airports: Nearest major airport is Nice Côte d’Azur International Airport, 30 minutes away by car or 7 minutes via helicopter. 

Flight Times: 8-9 hours to U.S. East Coast; 11-13 hours to West Coast. Connections required via Paris, Frankfurt, or London. 

Affordability: Flight costs are not a concern for most Monaco residents. Private jet services are common and widely used. 

Plus Points: 

• No income or wealth tax 

• Ultra-safe, high-privacy environment 

• Premium financial, medical, and lifestyle infrastructure 

Blockages: 

• Extremely high cost of property and services 

• No route to citizenship for most foreigners 

• French is the dominant language in official matters. 

Factor	Score (out of 10)	Notes
Visa access	7	Residency accessible for wealthy applicants with investment.
Cost of living	4	One of the most expensive places on earth.
Taxation	10	No income tax for residents and favourable fiscal regime.
Health	9	Excellent medical services supported by proximity to France.
Economy and politics	9	Highly stable and financially sound microstate.
Climate and lifestyle	9	Glamorous, secure, and exclusive environment.
Safety	10	Exceptional security and low crime.
Language and integration	7	French predominant, English widely understood.
Property ownership	8	High-value property market with limited availability.
Travel connectivity	2	Excellent European access but limited airport proximity.
Total	75	Prestigious, ultra-secure, and tax-friendly, but accessible mainly to the very affluent.

 

Visa Access 

Pensionado Visa: Available to retirees with a lifetime pension income of at least USD 1,000/month. Offers permanent residency and benefits such as discounts on healthcare, utilities, and entertainment. 
Friendly Nations Visa: Previously a major residency route for U.S. citizens; now requires an investment component (property or business). 
Investor Visa: Permanent residency through a minimum investment of USD 300,000 in real estate or USD 500,000 in Panamanian securities. 
Citizenship: Available after five years of legal residence, but naturalization is not commonly pursued due to complex documentation and language requirements. 

Cost of Living 

General Affordability: Moderate to low. Panama City is the most expensive area, but still significantly cheaper than major U.S. cities. 
Housing: Coastal and highland properties are affordable; modern condominiums in Panama City range from USD 150,000 to USD 400,000. 
Utilities & Services: Reliable electricity and broadband. Domestic help and personal services are inexpensive. 
Inflation Impact: Inflation is modest (around 2-3%), and use of the U.S. dollar provides currency stability. 

Taxation 

Income Tax: Territorial system - only Panamanian-source income is taxed; foreign income is tax-exempt. 
Capital Gains Tax: 10% on gains from property and certain investments. 
Inheritance & Gift Tax: None. 
U.S. Tax Obligations: U.S. citizens must still file with the IRS, but double taxation is largely avoidable under the territorial system. 

Healthcare 

Public System: Basic and low-cost but limited quality outside major centres. 
Private System: Excellent private hospitals and clinics in Panama City; many doctors are U.S.-trained. 
U.S.-Connected Arrangements: Medicare is not accepted. Private international insurance or local expat plans are recommended. 

Economy & Stability 

GDP Growth: Averaging 4-5% annually; strong service-based economy centred on logistics, banking, and the Canal. 
Politics: Stable democracy with moderate corruption and a pro-business stance. 
Currency & Financial System: Uses the U.S. dollar, which eliminates exchange rate risk. Well-developed banking sector. 

Climate & Lifestyle 

Climate: Tropical; consistent year-round temperatures (75-90°F). The highlands offer cooler weather. 
Expat Lifestyle: Large American and European expat communities in Panama City, Coronado, and Boquete. 
Culture: Latin American with Caribbean influences; English widely spoken in urban and expat areas. 

Safety 

Crime Rate: Moderate; petty theft occurs in urban and tourist zones. 
Violent Crime: Generally low and confined to certain areas; expat communities are safe. 

Language & Integration 

English Use: Widely spoken in business, real estate, and tourism sectors. 
Integration: Straightforward; Panama is welcoming to Americans and other foreigners. 
Bureaucracy: Moderate; professional legal help often required for visa and property processes. 

Property Ownership 

Foreign Ownership: Fully permitted; foreigners have the same property rights as citizens (except near borders). 
Buying Process: Transparent, though due diligence is important. Use a local attorney and title insurance. 
Ongoing Costs: Annual property tax (capped at 0.7%), low maintenance, and no wealth tax. 

Travel Connectivity 

Airports: Tocumen International Airport (PTY) is a major hub for Latin America, with direct flights to Miami, Houston, and New York. 
Flight Times: 3-6 hours from most major U.S. cities. 
Affordability: Frequent and reasonably priced flights make Panama highly accessible. 

Plus Points 

•  U.S. dollar economy and strong expat network.
  • Territorial tax system - no tax on foreign income.
  • Affordable, high-quality private healthcare. 
  • Easy visa routes and stable political climate. 

Blockages 

•  Public healthcare is limited outside major cities.
  • Bureaucracy can be slow andpaper heavy. 
  • Urban areas may feel congested compared to smaller destinations. 

Category	Score	Rationale
Visa access	8	Multiple visa options (Pensionado, Friendly Nations) with low barriers.
Cost of living	8	Affordable by U.S. standards; high value for money in housing and services.
Taxation	7	Territorial tax system; foreign income generally untaxed.
Health	7	Reliable private healthcare with good urban access.
Economy and politics	6	Growing economy but still developing in parts.
Climate and lifestyle	9	Tropical climate with a relaxed lifestyle; strong expat hubs.
Safety	7	Moderate safety; some crime in cities but safe in retiree zones.
Language and integration	6	English spoken in key areas, but Spanish needed for full integration.
Property ownership	7	Property ownership is easy and encouraged for foreigners.
Travel connectivity	6	Close to U.S. but limited direct flights outside major hubs.
Total Score	71	Strong all-round destination offering affordability, easy visas, and lifestyle comfort, but with minor infrastructure and bureaucracy limits.

Visa Access 

Pensionado Visa: Requires proof of at least USD 1,000/month in lifetime pension income. Renewable every two years and offers a path to permanent residency after three years. 
Rentista Visa: For those without a pension but with stable income of at least USD 2,500/month for two years, or a USD 60,000 deposit in a Costa Rican bank. 
Investor Visa: Requires a minimum investment of USD 150,000 in real estate or an approved business. 
Permanent Residency / Citizenship: Permanent residency after three years of continuous temporary residency; citizenship eligible after seven years. 

Cost of Living 

General Affordability: Moderately affordable; higher in San José and beach towns like Tamarindo and Manuel Antonio. 
Housing: Property values are rising but remain lower than in comparable U.S. resort areas. Coastal and mountain homes are popular among retirees. 
Utilities & Services: Electricity costs are moderate; internet is reliable. Domestic help and personal services are inexpensive. 
Inflation Impact: Inflation has increased modestly (3-4%), though food and imports can be pricier due to logistics. 

Taxation 

Income Tax: Territorial system - foreign income is exempt. 
Capital Gains Tax: 15% on local gains from real estate and securities. 
U.S. Tax Obligations: U.S. citizens must continue to file globally, but Costa Rica’s tax structure is favourable for foreign income and pensions. 

Healthcare 

Public System (Caja): National Health Insurance covers basic services; quality is reasonable but wait times can be long. 
Private System: High-quality hospitals in San José (e.g., CIMA, Clinica Biblica); affordable private insurance options for retirees. 
U.S.-Connected Arrangements: U.S. Medicare not accepted. International insurance or local expat policies recommended. 

Economy & Stability 

GDP Growth: Steady growth around 3%. Strong services, tourism, and tech sectors. 
Politics: Stable democracy with no standing army and low corruption levels. 
Currency & Financial System: Costa Rican colón (CRC); generally stable with minor inflationary fluctuation. 

Climate & Lifestyle 

Climate: Tropical; two main seasons - dry (December-April) and rainy (May-November). Cooler in mountain regions. 
Expat Lifestyle: Very popular among North American retirees. Communities like Atenas, Escazú, and Guanacaste offer established expat networks. 
Culture: Relaxed, friendly, and environmentally conscious. The “Pura Vida” philosophy emphasizes well-being and balance. 

Safety 

Crime Rate: Moderate; petty theft occurs in tourist areas, but violent crime is low. 
Violent Crime: Rare in expat zones and gated communities; most areas safe for retirees. 

Language & Integration 

English Use: English widely spoken in tourism, healthcare, and business sectors. 
Integration: Easy to adapt; locals (Ticos) are welcoming. Spanish proficiency enhances integration and access to local bureaucracy. 
Bureaucracy: Manageable but slow; legal assistance recommended for visa renewals and property purchases. 

Property Ownership 

Foreign Ownership: Permitted with equal rights to citizens. 
Buying Process: Transparent, though legal guidance and title verification are essential. 
Ongoing Costs: Property taxes low (0.25% of declared value). Utilities and maintenance are affordable. 

Travel Connectivity 

Airports: San José (SJO) and Liberia (LIR) offer direct flights to U.S. hubs such as Miami, Dallas, and Los Angeles. 
Flight Times: 3-6 hours from most U.S. cities. 
Affordability: Frequent, well-priced flights; good regional access across the Americas. 

Plus Points 

•  Stable democracy with no military and low corruption.
  • Territorial tax system - no tax on foreign income.
  • High-quality, affordable healthcare. 
  • Strong environmental reputation and welcoming expat community. 

Blockages 

•  Bureaucratic inefficiency and occasional delays in public services.
  • Property and living costs increasing in popular expat zones.
  • Limited high-end medical facilities outside the capital. 

Category	Score	Rationale
Visa access	8	Easy Pensionado visa; multiple retiree-friendly residency paths.
Cost of living	8	Low cost of living with good quality of life.
Taxation	6	Territorial taxation, but limited tax treaty coverage.
Health	7	Private healthcare affordable and accessible in major areas.
Economy and politics	7	Stable democracy with moderate economic development.
Climate and lifestyle	9	Excellent climate and laid-back expat-friendly lifestyle.
Safety	7	Generally safe with low violent crime in expat areas.
Language and integration	6	Basic Spanish helpful; English spoken in expat/tourist zones.
Property ownership	7	Foreigners can buy property easily; low taxes.
Travel connectivity	5	Limited flight options and smaller international airports.
Total Score	70	Balanced, stable, and affordable with great lifestyle appeal, though slightly limited in healthcare reach and connectivity.

Visa Access 

Malaysia My Second Home (MM2H): A long-term social visit visa initially valid for 5 or 10 years (depending on scheme variant), renewable, and available to foreigners meeting financial thresholds. Current requirements (2023-24) include a minimum offshore income of MYR 40,000/month (~USD 8,500), MYR 1 million fixed deposit (~USD 215,000), and proof of liquid assets. 
Sarawak MM2H (S-MM2H): An alternative, more lenient regional programme requiring lower income and deposit thresholds. 
Permanent Residency / Citizenship: No direct PR path through MM2H. PR is difficult for foreigners and citizenship is rare. 

Cost of Living 

General Affordability: Very affordable by U.S. standards. Malaysia offers low-cost high-quality services, food, and amenities. 
Housing: Property is inexpensive in urban and resort areas. Expats often buy high-rise condominiums with extensive amenities for USD 150,000-300,000. 
Utilities & Services: Utilities are low cost; broadband is reliable. Domestic help is common and affordable. 
Inflation Impact: Inflation is low (~2-3%) and currency depreciation against the USD can help U.S.-dollar retirees. 

Taxation 

Income Tax: Malaysia uses a territorial system - foreign income is exempt from local taxation (with some exceptions under new laws being phased in). 
Capital Gains Tax: No tax on capital gains except for real property gains (subject to Real Property Gains Tax - RPGT). 
U.S. Tax Obligations: No tax treaty with the U.S., but foreign income remains untaxed locally. U.S. citizens are still subject to IRS filing. 

Healthcare 

Public System: Subsidized but not typically used by expats. 
Private System: High-quality, internationally accredited hospitals in Kuala Lumpur, Penang, and Johor Bahru. Healthcare is affordable and efficient. 
U.S.-Connected Arrangements: Medicare not accepted; international expat insurance recommended, though many pay out-of-pocket due to low costs. 

Economy & Stability 

GDP Growth: Steady (~4-5%); diversified economy driven by manufacturing, services, and oil. 
Politics: Democratic system; some political instability in recent years, but governance remains functional. 
Currency & Financial System: Malaysian Ringgit (MYR); depreciates against the USD, benefiting dollar-based retirees. Financial sector is modern and well regulated. 

Climate & Lifestyle 

Climate: Equatorial - hot and humid year-round, with consistent temperatures and a monsoon season. 
Expat Lifestyle: Strong expat presence in Kuala Lumpur, Penang, and Langkawi. Modern amenities, shopping, and dining are abundant. 
Culture: Multi-ethnic (Malay, Chinese, Indian); English widely spoken; food culture is a major highlight. 

Safety 

Crime Rate: Generally low; petty theft may occur in crowded areas, but violent crime is rare. 
Violent Crime: Low incidence; most cities are safe for retirees. 

Language & Integration 

English Use: Widely used in business, education, and healthcare; signage is often bilingual. 
Integration: Relatively easy for English speakers. Expats tend to integrate into local or expat social circles. 
Bureaucracy: Visa processes have become stricter under revised MM2H rules; government offices can be inconsistent. 

Property Ownership 

Foreign Ownership: Allowed with restrictions - minimum price thresholds vary by state (typically MYR 1 million or more). 
Buying Process: Straightforward legal process; requires local lawyer and state approval. 
Ongoing Costs: No annual property tax on owner-occupied homes; utilities and maintenance are low. 

Travel Connectivity 

Airports: Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) is a major hub; Penang and Johor also have international service. 
Flight Times: 20+ hours to U.S. East Coast; ~17 hours to West Coast via Asia or Middle East. 
Affordability: Regional flights are very affordable; long-haul flights competitive via major carriers. 

Plus Points 

•  Extremely affordable cost of living with modern infrastructure.
  • Territorial tax system favourable to U.S. dollar retirees.
  • High-quality healthcare and English widely spoken. 
  • Mature expat communities and good lifestyle value. 

Blockages 

•  No direct path to permanent residency or citizenship through MM2H.
  • Recent tightening of visa rules may reduce accessibility.
  • Long distance from the U.S. may be a drawback for some. 

Category	Score	Rationale
Visa access	7	MM2H program available but tightened; regional variations.
Cost of living	9	Very low living costs with good quality infrastructure.
Taxation	7	Territorial tax system, limited to local income.
Health	7	High-quality and affordable private healthcare.
Economy and politics	7	Diversified and growing economy, relatively stable.
Climate and lifestyle	8	Tropical, urban, and island lifestyle options.
Safety	6	Low crime but less so in rural regions.
Language and integration	6	English widely used in business and daily life.
Property ownership	6	Condominium ownership permitted; some restrictions on land.
Travel connectivity	6	Far from U.S. but excellent regional air access.
Total Score	69	Excellent affordability and lifestyle balance, offset by distance and visa uncertainty.

Visa Access 

Golden Visa Programme: Offers a 5-year renewable residency to non-EU citizens investing at least €250,000 in real estate (raised to €500,000 in high-demand zones like Athens and Mykonos). No minimum stay requirement. 
Financially Independent Person (FIP) Visa: Requires proof of stable passive income (~€2,000/month) and private health insurance. Grants a 2-year residency, renewable. 
Digital Nomad Visa: Available to those earning €3,500+/month from foreign sources; suitable for remote-working retirees. 
Permanent Residency / Citizenship: PR available after 5 years of continuous residence. Citizenship requires 7 years of residency, language and civic knowledge exams, and integration proof. 

Cost of Living 

General Affordability: Moderate. Major cities and islands can be costly, but many rural and smaller-town locations are still affordable. 
Housing: Good value for money outside urban centres. Coastal and countryside villas can be relatively inexpensive compared to the U.S. 
Utilities & Services: Utilities (especially electricity) can be expensive. Internet and mobile service are generally reliable. 
Inflation Impact: Inflation spiked in 2022-23 but is now stabilizing. Cost increases most noticeable in food and energy. 

Taxation 

Income Tax: Worldwide income is taxable for residents; progressive rates up to 44%. However, special tax regimes exist for foreign pensioners. 
Pension Tax Regime: Foreign retirees can opt to be taxed at a flat 7% on foreign-sourced pension income for 15 years (under recent reforms). 
Capital Gains Tax: 15% on property sales; tax exemptions possible based on use and holding period. 
Inheritance & Gift Tax: Applies to Greek assets; rates depend on relationship and value. 
U.S. Tax Obligations: Greece has a tax treaty with the U.S., helping prevent double taxation; FATCA reporting applies. 

Healthcare 

Public System (EOPYY): Available to residents but bureaucratic; service quality varies by region. 
Private System: Good private hospitals in Athens and Thessaloniki; affordable and popular with expats. 
U.S.-Connected Arrangements: Medicare not usable; expats rely on private or international health insurance. 

Economy & Stability 

GDP Growth: Moderate recovery post-debt crisis (~2-3% annual growth); EU support and investment inflows continuing. 
Politics: Stable democratic system; bureaucratic but predictable governance. 
Currency & Financial System: Euro (EUR); stable and widely accepted across the EU. Banking has improved post-2015 crisis. 

Climate & Lifestyle 

Climate: Mediterranean - hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. Ideal for those preferring sun and sea. 
Expat Lifestyle: Growing expat hubs in Athens, Thessaloniki, Crete, and the Peloponnese. 
Culture: Rich in history, cuisine, and social traditions. Leisure-oriented lifestyle with strong family values. 

Safety 

Crime Rate: Generally low. Pickpocketing can occur in tourist-heavy areas. 
Violent Crime: Rare; cities are safe for retirees and solo travellers. 

Language & Integration 

English Use: Common in urban areas and tourism sectors. Less prevalent in rural regions. 
Integration: Welcoming culture but social integration may require some Greek language knowledge. 
Bureaucracy: Often cited as slow and inconsistent. Local legal and relocation support is highly recommended. 

Property Ownership 

Foreign Ownership: Allowed with minimal restrictions (except near borders or military zones). 
Buying Process: Requires a local notary and lawyer; due diligence is essential. 
Ongoing Costs: Low property taxes and maintenance; ownership is straightforward post-purchase. 

Travel Connectivity 

Airports: Major international airports in Athens and Thessaloniki. Seasonal direct flights to U.S. during summer. 
Flight Times: ~10-11 hours from U.S. East Coast (often with connections). 
Affordability: Flights are seasonal; off-peak travel to/from the U.S. can be more limited. 

Plus Points 

•  Golden Visa and pensioner tax programme favour foreign retirees.
  • Mediterranean lifestyle with rich cultural heritage.
  • EU residency offers access to Schengen travel. 
  • Low real estate prices outside prime zones. 

Blockages 

•  Bureaucratic hurdles and inconsistent public services.
  • Healthcare quality varies by location.
  • Limited permanent residency/citizenship benefits without full-time residence and integration. 

Category	Score	Rationale
Visa access	7	Golden Visa and FIP options are available and effective.
Cost of living	7	Moderately affordable; varies by region.
Taxation	6	Flat tax regime for foreign retirees is appealing.
Health	7	Private healthcare good; public less consistent.
Economy and politics	6	Still recovering from debt crisis; improving outlook.
Climate and lifestyle	9	Mediterranean lifestyle and natural beauty attract expats.
Safety	7	Safe for residents; minor petty crime in urban zones.
Language and integration	6	Some English spoken; Greek helpful for integration.
Property ownership	7	Foreigners can buy property; bureaucracy can be slow.
Travel connectivity	7	Seasonal U.S. flight availability; decent EU access.
Total Score	69	Attractive Mediterranean lifestyle with strong EU benefits, though bureaucracy remains a key challenge.

Visa Access 

Retirement Visa (Non-Immigrant O): For applicants aged 50+ with either THB 800,000 (~USD 22,000) in a Thai bank account or monthly income of THB 65,000 (~USD 1,800). Renewable annually. 
Non-Immigrant O-A (Long-Stay): Similar to above but issued outside Thailand; includes health insurance and police clearance requirements. 
Thailand Elite Visa: Long-term residence programme offering 5-20 year stay options for affluent foreigners; costs range from ~USD 15,000 to USD 60,000. Includes concierge services, airport privileges, and visa assistance. 
LTR Visa (Long-Term Resident): Launched for “wealthy pensioners,” requires USD 80,000 annual income or USD 250,000 investment + insurance. Grants 10-year residency, multiple entries, and work eligibility. 
Permanent Residency / Citizenship: PR is difficult, requires several years of residency and quotas; citizenship is extremely rare. 

Cost of Living 

General Affordability: Very low by Western standards. Retirees can enjoy a comfortable lifestyle even in large cities on modest budgets. 
Housing: Condos and houses are widely available at affordable prices. Foreigners can buy condominiums (freehold); land ownership is restricted. 
Utilities & Services: Utilities are inexpensive, though air conditioning can increase bills. Domestic help and healthcare services are very affordable. 
Inflation Impact: Recent inflation has slightly raised food and fuel costs, but Thailand is still a highly cost-effective destination. 

Taxation 

Income Tax: Residents taxed on Thai-source income only; foreign income brought into Thailand in the same year may be taxable. 
Capital Gains Tax: Not specifically separated from income tax; investment income treated under personal income rules. 
Inheritance & Gift Tax: Inheritance tax applies over THB 100 million (~USD 2.7M); not a common concern. 
U.S. Tax Obligations: No income tax treaty with the U.S.; FATCA compliance applies. Planning needed to avoid dual filing risks. 

Healthcare 

Public System: Not commonly used by expats; limited English and variable quality. 
Private System: Excellent private hospitals (e.g., Bumrungrad, Bangkok Hospital) with international accreditation and English-speaking staff. 
U.S.-Connected Arrangements: U.S. Medicare not accepted. Retirees typically pay out-of-pocket or buy international/private insurance. 

Economy & Stability 

GDP Growth: Steady post-pandemic recovery; growth forecast ~3-4%. Strong tourism and export sectors. 
Politics: Nominally democratic with military and royal influence; politically stable in recent years. 
Currency & Financial System: Thai Baht (THB); stable and relatively strong vs. regional peers. 

Climate & Lifestyle 

Climate: Tropical - hot all year with dry and wet seasons. Coastal and northern areas have milder climates. 
Expat Lifestyle: Chiang Mai, Bangkok, Phuket, and Hua Hin are top retiree hubs. Expat infrastructure is strong, especially for Americans and Europeans. 
Culture: Friendly and service-oriented society. Deep cultural traditions, strong Buddhist influence, and vibrant cuisine and arts. 

Safety 

Crime Rate: Low; petty theft in tourist areas but rare in expat zones. 
Violent Crime: Very low in most parts of the country. Police presence is visible in major cities. 

Language & Integration 

English Use: Widely spoken in expat areas, tourism, and healthcare. Less common in rural regions. 
Integration: Easy to live comfortably without Thai, but deeper integration requires language learning. 
Bureaucracy: Visa processes can be inconsistent. Agents or legal support are often needed to navigate renewals and documentation. 

Property Ownership 

Foreign Ownership: Foreigners can’t own land but may own freehold condominiums (max 49% of building). Long-term leases or Thai company structures used for landed property. 
Buying Process: Requires due diligence and legal advice; title searches and contracts should be done in both Thai and English. 
Ongoing Costs: Low property taxes, low maintenance, and utility costs. No wealth or inheritance tax for most retirees. 

Travel Connectivity 

Airports: Bangkok (BKK) and Phuket (HKT) are major international hubs with connections to the U.S. via Asia or the Middle East. 
Flight Times: ~17-22 hours depending on routing and connections. 
Affordability: Long-haul flights are reasonably priced; excellent regional connectivity within Asia. 

Plus Points 

•  Ultra-affordable cost of living with premium lifestylebenefits.
  • World-class private hospitals and healthcare. 
  • Flexible visa options for wealthy retirees. 
  • Well-developed expat communities and services. 

Blockages 

•  Land ownership restrictions and complex property structures.
  • Visa system requires maintenance and annual renewals (unless Elite/LTR).
  • Long flight times to and from the U.S. 

Category	Score	Rationale
Visa access	7	Various long-stay visas including Elite and LTR for wealthy retirees.
Cost of living	9	Extremely low cost of living with high quality services.
Taxation	6	Some exposure to tax on foreign income; planning needed.
Health	8	Top-tier private healthcare in major cities.
Economy and politics	6	Stable economy; tourism dependent.
Climate and lifestyle	9	Tropical lifestyle with strong expat communities.
Safety	6	Low violent crime but some regional instability.
Language and integration	5	Limited English in rural areas; basic Thai helps.
Property ownership	6	Land ownership restricted; condominiums allowed.
Travel connectivity	5	Long flights from U.S.; affordable regional travel.
Total Score	67	Outstanding lifestyle value and healthcare, balanced by distance and property limits.